Syllabus

This lecture presents the fundamental equations of electromagnetism and the resulting concepts.

• Born M., Wolf E. (1999), Principles of optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, Cambridge University Press, 985 pp.
• Ishimaru A. (1990), Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation and Scattering, Prentice Hall, 656 pp.
• Petit R. (1997), Ondes électromagnétiques en radioélectricité et en optique, Dunod, 349 pp.
• Stratton J.A. (2007), Electromagnetic theory, Wiley-IEEE Press, 640 pp.

this lecture deals with electromagnetic radiation emitted in free space and in the presence of diffracting objects. It mainly relies on the electric-field integral equation.

• Beckmann A. & Spizzichino A. (1987), The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces, Artech House Radar Library, 512 pp.
• Born M. & Wolf E. (1999), Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light, Cambridge University Press, 985 pp.
• Brekhovski L.M. & Godin O.A. (1998), Acoustics of Layered Media I: Plane and Quasi-Plane Waves, Springer, 250 pp.
• Chew W.C. (1999), Waves and Fields in Inhomogeneous Media, Wiley-IEEE Press, 632 pp.
• Dassios G. & Kleinman R. (2000), Low Frequency Scattering, Oxford University Press, 320 pp.
• Fournet G. (1979), Electromagnétisme : à partir des équations locales, Masson, 478 pp.
• Ishimaru A. (1999), Waves Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Wiley-IEEE Press, 600 pp.
• Kaufman A.A. & Keller G.V. (1985), Inductive Mining Prospecting, Part 1: Theory, Elsevier, 617 pp.
• Kong J.A. (1986), Electromagnetic Wave Theory, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 710 pp.
• Petit R. (2011). Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings, Springer, 304 pp.
• Roubine E. & Bolomey J.C. (1978), Antennes – Tome I, Masson, 2020 pp.
• Tai C.T. (1994), Dyadic Green Function in Electromagnetic Theory, IEEE, 343 pp.

This lecture introduces the concepts of direct and inverse radiative transfer, which underlie the study of the Earth’s atmosphere using remote sensing satellites, in the context of climate studies. The physical variables and fundamental laws are reminded, leading to the derivation of the radiative transfer equation that calculates the electromagnetic radiation transmitted or emitted by the atmosphere and measured at the top of it. This equation involves various thermodynamic, spectroscopic and instrumental information. The main radiative transfer codes are described. Finally, the inverse problem that consist in extracting atmospheric variables from radiometric measurements is discussed and illustrated by numerous examples involving present space missions.

Molecular spectroscopy is a key method to determine the spectral signature of the Earth and the other planets of the Solar system, as well as the exoplanets. It aims at recording the electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by a target (surface or atmosphere) in very narrow wavebands. In particular it plays an essential role in the monitoring of the evolution of our atmosphere (aerosols and gas molecules). In the next decades, large telescopes will extend observation to new spectral domains and boost the search for life on exoplanets. New instruments designed to analyze the chemical composition of the Earth’s lower atmosphere (greenhouse gases, pollutants, etc.) use technologies that allow measurements of spectra with very high spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratios. The interpretation of these spectra requires mastering theoretical and experimental spectroscopic analysis techniques.Au cours des prochaines décennies, les grands télescopes étendront l’observation à de nouveaux domaines spectraux et stimuleront la recherche de vie sur les exoplanètes. De nouveaux instruments conçus pour analyser la composition chimique de la basse atmosphère terrestre (gaz à effet de serre, polluants, etc.) utilisent des technologies qui permettent de mesurer des spectres avec une très haute résolution spectrale et un rapport signal/bruit élevé. L’interprétation de ces spectres nécessite la maîtrise des techniques théoriques et expérimentales d’analyse spectroscopique.

• J.M. Flaud (1992), Spectroscopie des molécules d’intérêt atmosphérique, Ecole d’été du CNRS.
• J.M. Hollas (2003), Spectroscopie, Dunod, 400 pp.
• J.M. Hollas (2004), Modern spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 482 pp.
• S. Payan (2013), Radiative transfer and inversion, Ecole d’été du CNRS “HiResMIR@CAES-Frejus-2013”, Fréjus (France), 3-7 June 2013.
• L. Régalia, H. Tran, M. Leperec (2015), SpecAtmo summer school trainings, Fréjus (France).
• J. Vander Auwera (2013), Principles of vibration-rotation spectroscopy, Ecole d’été du CNRS “HiResMIR@CAES-Frejus-2013”, Fréjus (France), 3-7 June 2013.

• Principles of Antenna Radiation
• Description of Different Types of Antennas and Their Uses
• Antenna Characteristics
• Radiation of Currents
• Radiation from Planar Apertures
• Link Budget
• Antenna Arrays and Multi-Antenna Systems
• Principles of Radiometry
• Radiometric Properties of an Antenna

Picon O. (2009), Les Antennes : théorie, conception et applications, Dunod, 371 pp.

This lecture is an introduction to Earth observation techniques by passive and active microwave.

• Le Chevalier F. (2000), Principes de traitement des signaux Radar et Sonar, Masson, 270 pp.
• Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K., Fung A.K. (1986), Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume I: Fundamentals and Radiometry, Artech House Publishers, 456 pp.
• Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K., Fung A.K. (1986), Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, Artech House Publishers, 608 pp.
• Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K., Fung A.K. (1986), Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume III: From Theory to Applications, Artech House Publishers, 1120 pp.

Overview of Earth observation satellite imaging systems in the reflective domain.

Lier P., Valorge C., Briottet X. (2008), Imagerie spatiale : des principes d’acquisition au traitement des images optiques pour l’observation de la Terre, Cepadues Editions, 844 pp.

This lecture aims to give a general background on the scientific issues related to societal problems such as climate change, pollution, etc. and on the space observation tools used to monitor, analyze and understand such problems.

• Boucher O. (2012), Aérosols atmosphériques – Propriétés et impacts climatiques, Collection : Ingénierie et développement durable, XIV, Springer, 248 pp.
• Burrows J.P., Platt U., Borrell P. (2011), The remote sensing of tropospheric composition from space, Physics of Earth and Space Environments, XXXII, Springer, 549 pp.
• Lee K.H., Li Z., Kim Y.J., Kokhanovsky A. (2009), Atmospheric aerosol monitoring from satellite observations: A history of three decades, in Atmospheric and biological environmental monitoring, Springer, pp 13-38.

This lecture is an introduction to the characterization of terrestrial surfaces by remote sensing, mainly in the solar domain. At first, the different modes of interaction of solar radiation with continental surfaces are discussed. The second part of the lecture is devoted to the determination of the biochemical and structural parameters of vegetation by hyperspectral and multiangular remote sensing, from the leaf scale to the ecosystem. In the last part, we discuss the quantification of energy balance on the surface of the Earth and its importance in climate models. Emphasis is put on physical modeling at different scales.

• Asrar G. (1989), Theory and applications of optical remote sensing, Wiley Interscience, 734 pp.
• Berthier S. (1993), Optique des milieux composites, Polytechnica, 300 pp.
• Campbell G.S., Norman J.M. (1998), An introduction to environmental biophysics, Springer, 286 pp.
• Elias M., Lafait J. (2006), La couleur. Lumière, vision et matériaux, Belin, 352 pp.
• Gates D.M. (2003), Biophysical ecology, Dover, 611 pp.
• Hapke B. (1993), Theory of reflectance and emittance spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, 455 pp.
• Hufty A. (2001), Introduction à la climatologie, De Boeck-Université, 542 pp.
• Jones H.G., Vaughan R.A. (2010), Remote sensing of vegetation: principles, techniques, and applications, Oxford University Press, 353 pp.
• Liang S. (2003), Quantitative remote sensing of land surfaces, Wiley-Interscience, 560 pp.
• Monteith J.L., Unsworth M.H. (2008), Principles of environmental physics, Academic Press, 418 pp.
• Myneni R.B., Ross J. (1991), Photon-vegetation interactions: applications in optical remote sensing and plant ecology, Springer-Verlag, 565 pp.

This lecture presents the fundamental laws of space mechanics that govern the movement of bodies around the Earth. It is illustrated with examples, analyzing differences in Keplerian movement and the conditions of observation from the ground. It also provides the characteristics of the main orbits of Earth observation satellites, with emphasis on the orbits of the GNSS satellites.

• Capderou M. (2005), Satellites – Orbits and missions, Springer, 564 pp.
• Kaula W.M. (2000), Theory of satellite geodesy : Applications of satellites to geodesy, Dover Publications, 140 pp.
• Murray C.D., Dermott S.F. (2000), Solar System dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 608 pp.

This lecture is based on the concepts acquired in the “Celestial Mechanics” class to apply them more specifically to the orbit of satellites. By studying the relative movements between the orbit, the Earth and the Sun, it is focused on Earth observation satellites (and the very important case of sun-synchronous satellites). It also studies the trace of satellites, their repetitiveness, the evolution of their altitude, as well as the geometric conditions of shooting (swath, spatial and temporal sampling). It end with a brief study of satellites around Mars or other celestial bodies.

• Capderou M. (2003), Satellites – Orbites et missions, Springer (Berlin, Paris), 504 pages.
• Capderou M. (2005), Satellites – Orbits and missions, Springer (Berlin), 564 pages.
• Capderou M. (2012), Satellites : de Kepler au GPS, Springer (Berlin, Paris), 866 pages.
• Capderou M. (2014), Handbook of Satellite Orbits: from Kepler to GPS, Springer (New York), 933 pages.

• Sources of space law: international sources (space treaties), domestic sources (national space laws), and contractual sources.
• The legal framework governing space activities: satellite telecommunications, satellite remote sensing, satellite navigation, crewed suborbital vehicles, and space tourism
• Contractual management of risks arising from space activities
• Litigation and dispute resolution aspects

• Achilleas P. (2009), Droit de l’espace : télécommunication, observation, navigation, défense, exploration, Larcier, 384 pp.
• Martin A., Couston M., Ravillon L. (2009), Galileo : chronique d’une politique spatiale européenne annoncée, Lexis Nexis, 346 pp.
• Kerrest A. et Collectif (2007), L’adaptation du droit de l’espace à ses nouveaux défis : mélanges en l’honneur de Simone Courteix, Editions A. Pedone, 318 pp.
• Ravillon L. (1997), Les télécommunications par satellite, aspects juridiques, Lexis Nexis, 509 pp.
• Ravillon L. (2003), Le droit des activités spatiales : adaptation aux phénomènes de commercialisation et de privatisation, Lexis Nexis, 678 pp.
• Ravillon L. (2005), Le droit des activités spatiales à l’aube du XXIe siècle, Lexis Nexis, 349 pp.
• Ravillon L. (2008), Gestion et partage des risques dans les projets spatiaux : questions d’actualité, Editions A. Pedone.

• Tarantola A. (2005), Inverse problem theory and methods for model parameter estimation, Siam, 342 pp.

These PW consist of:

• 1 introductory PW on the Git code management tool
• 3 Python PW on satellite data handling and processing
• 4 Fortran PW on satellite data handling and processing